Influence of marine alga against mercury-induced biochemical changes,structural destabilization,and genotoxicity in marine tiger fish,Therapon jarbua

This study elucidated the protective role of alga against mercury (Hg)-induced toxicity in marine fish. Bath immersion with mercury chloride (HgCl) [0.125 and 0.25?ppm] in combination with the algal extract (3?ppm) to Therapon jarbua offered a significant protection against Hg only induced disturbed liver function, damaged histoarchitecture, elevated oxidative stress, and DNA fragmentation of tissues. Mercury exposure decreased hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities, and the level of nonprotein-soluble thiol (NPSH, GSH), with a concomitant increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the gill, kidneys, liver, and blood. Algal supplementation diminished the rise in TBARS restoring CAT, SOD, and GSH levels to control. Reduced generation of free radicals may be correlated to protect DNA stability and morphology. This study indicates the ability of alga to ameliorate Hg-mediated injuries. In conclusion, Kappaphycus alvarezii extract did not show any toxicity and its safety is suggestive for using as a supplement in fish food.     

Plasma lipid profiles and risk of cardiovascular disease on occupational exposure in Karimnagar

Occupational exposure is unregulated in developing countries like India, and becoming the most common cause of disease of environmental origin. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of occupational exposure on plasma lipid profiles, and risk of cardiovascular diseases. A total of 79 human volunteers were included in the study. Control subjects were healthy housewives of Karimnagar, India. Occupationally exposed individuals included different occupational workers like petrol station attendants, battery chargers, drivers, welders, pesticide-exposed workers, painters, and auto mechanics. These subjects were shown to be chronic occupationally-exposed for at least three years, and neither associated with any other chronic pathological conditions like hypertension or diabetes, nor under any medication other than analgesics during the month preceding the study. Subjects with excessive high or low caloric intake were excluded from the study. Total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), VLDL cholesterol, LDL/HDL cholesterol, and TC/HDL ratio in these subjects were significantly higher than those in control subjects, whereas HDL cholesterol was not markedly affected. Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), and other anthropometric parameters (body mass index (BMI), body fat index (BFI), body surface area (BSA)) were not significantly different between groups. Data suggest that chronic occupational exposure increases plasma lipid levels and is thereby associated with cardiovascular complications.     

采用尼罗红荧光探针对微藻中油脂的定量测定

以尼罗红为荧光探针,对小球藻油脂含量的定量分析条件进行了研究.测定中,使用48孔酶标仪作为荧光检测器.研究显示,当荧光激发光波长为485 nm,发射光波长为580 nm时,适用于测定微藻中的中性油脂含量.当二甲基亚砜终浓度为20%,尼罗红终浓度为0.5μg.mL-1,藻液与尼罗红置于40℃暗处反应5 min后,能够获得最大的相对荧光测定值.当藻液光密度OD680在0.61至1.73时,藻液油脂含量与尼罗红荧光测定值呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数R2为0.9836,可以通过尼罗红荧光值的测定推算油脂的含量.     

Rice seedlings under cadmium stress: effect of silicon on growth,cadmium uptake,oxidative stress,antioxidant capacity and root and leaf structures

In this study, the effect of silicon (Si) addition on cadmium (Cd) toxicity in rice seedlings was investigated. After a series of screening experiments, 50 μmol·L^?1 of Cd and 10 μ mol·L^?1 of Si were selected. Treatment of rice seedlings with Cd (50 μ mol·L^?1) resulted in significant accumulation of this metal in roots and shoots. The data revealed that accumulation of Cd resulted in oxidative stress in rice seedlings as evidenced by increased accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA; a peroxidation product of lipids). However, addition of Si (10 μ mol·L^?1) together with Cd prevented accumulation of Cd, H₂O₂ and MDA. Antioxidant capacity was decreased by Cd but enhanced by Si addition. Cd decreased the length and frequency of root hairs, stomatal frequency, and distorted leaf mesophyll cells and vascular bundles. However, addition of Si together with Cd reduced these abnormalities. The results showed that addition of exogenous Si protected rice seedlings against Cd toxicity by preventing Cd accumulation and oxidative stress (H₂O₂ and MDA accumulation) by increasing Si accumulation and antioxidant capacity, which maintained the structure and integrity of leaf and root.     

水稻叶片质膜H~+-ATPase对酸雨胁迫的适应机制

采用水培法研究酸雨胁迫对水稻叶片质膜H+-ATPase活性的影响,结果表明,高强度酸雨(pH 2.5和pH 3.0组)胁迫下,pH 2.5组质膜H+-ATPase活性显著受抑,胞内pH降低,POD活性受抑,pH3.0组质膜H+-ATPase活性上升,胞内pH降低,POD活性升高,质膜透性和MDA含量均增加,Fv/Fm和叶鲜重降低;低强度酸雨(3.0相似文献   

不同植物叶片臭氧伤害症状及其生理响应机制的差异

快速发展的城市化和工业化引起近地层臭氧浓度不断升高,对城市绿化植物具有很大的毒性伤害。选择城市常见的景观植物万寿菊、矮牵牛及圆叶牵牛为供试植物,利用开顶式气室,研究了不同植物臭氧伤害症状及其生理响应机制的差异。结果表明:1)臭氧暴露后,供试植物叶片均出现了不同程度的臭氧伤害,或叶脉间黄化(万寿菊和矮牵牛),或出现白色斑点(圆叶牵牛),且随臭氧浓度升高其黄化程度加剧,白色斑点亦扩张形成白色斑块,最终叶片从症状形成的地方开始干枯。2)臭氧暴露加剧了供试植物叶片膜脂过氧化程度,但对可溶性蛋白含量没有显著影响,说明植物生长后期臭氧暴露并没有造成蛋白质退化进而引起植物抗臭氧胁迫能力的下降。3)臭氧暴露后万寿菊叶片茉莉酸含量降低,矮牵牛叶片水杨酸含量显著升高,而圆叶牵牛既有水杨酸含量的升高又有茉莉酸含量的降低,说明不同植物对臭氧伤害的激素响应是不一致的,茉莉酸保护能力减弱引起了臭氧对万寿菊叶片伤害,水杨酸过度累积造成了矮牵牛叶片的臭氧直接伤害,而圆叶牵牛的臭氧伤害则是2种原因都可能存在。因此,在大气臭氧浓度尚不能有效控制的情况下,明确不同植物臭氧伤害形成的激素响应,以采取针对性保护措施维持其最大生态效益。     

Biomarker responses as indication of contaminant effects in Oreochromis niloticus

The current study investigated oxidative stress parameters (enzymes activities, metallothionein content and lipid peroxidation) in freshwater fish, Oreochromis niloticus, tilapia exposure to Monjolinho River (in 4 months of year: January, April, July and November). One critical site in Monjolinho River (site B) was assessed in comparison to a reference site (site A). Water pH and oxygen concentration was lower than that recommended by CONAMA (Brazilian National Environmental Committee), resolution 357/2005 for protection of aquatic communities, and ammonium and the metals Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe (on all months) concentrations were higher than the maximum concentration recommended. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were significantly decreased in liver and muscle in tilapia from Monjolinho River, throughout the year, in relation to reference except in gills that SOD activity increased. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was significantly increased in liver of the tilapia from Monjolinho River in all sites, in relation to reference except in gills that GST activity increased in July and decreased in November, suggesting that GST activity could be induced to neutralize the pollutants toxicity. On the other hand, GST activity was significantly decreased in white muscle indicating a toxic effect of pollutants, resulting in a decreased ability of tilapia to perform defense reactions associated to GSTs. The decrease of catalase (CAT) activity in gills of the O. niloticus together with the increase of SOD activity, could explain the increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) level in this organ. Metallothionein levels in liver and gills were significantly high in all sites. Results indicate that the exposure to metals caused severe damage to tissues; despite the consensually assumed antioxidant induction as a sign of exposure to contaminants the effects seem in part to be mediated by suppression of antioxidant system with SOD, CAT and GPx as potential candidates for tissues toxicity biomarkers of pollutants.     

非毒性剂量重金属锑通过改变细胞脂代谢促进前列腺癌进展

本文旨在检测健康人群与前列腺癌患者血清中重金属锑的含量,并对重金属锑在前列腺癌发生发展中的作用和相关机制进行初步探索。本实验使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对健康人群和前列腺癌患者血清中重金属锑的含量进行了检测;此外,分别通过MTT和Alamar-Blue方法对于重金属锑对人前列腺癌PC-3细胞的毒性效应进行了评价,并进一步探讨了非毒性剂量的重金属锑对前列腺癌细胞增殖能力(细胞计数及克隆形成实验)及脂类代谢过程(细胞内甘油三酯)的影响。研究结果显示:重金属锑在前列腺癌组患者血清中含量明显高于健康人群组且差异具有统计学意义;毒性实验结果表明高剂量的重金属锑能够显著抑制细胞活力且呈浓度依赖型方式,而非毒性剂量重金属锑能够显著促进前列腺癌细胞增殖,并导致细胞内甘油三酯的含量增加(P0.05)。综上所述,重金属锑在前列腺癌患者血清中具有相对较高水平,其机制可能是通过影响细胞脂类代谢从而促进前列腺癌的进展,这将对未来前列腺癌的预防和治疗提供一定的理论依据。     

基于生物标志物法的珠江流域有机碳溯源及DIC施肥效应研究

内源有机碳由地表水体水生光合固定DIC产生,是岩石风化碳汇的重要组成部分。为准确区分河陆地流水体中的内源有机碳及计算其所占比例,本文选取珠江流域作为研究区,通过不同季节的野外采样调查,利用类脂生物标志物法,结合传统水化学特征,揭示河流中有机碳的来源差异;最终根据有机碳的时空分布规律与水-岩-土-气-生相互作用分析,明确流域岩性及气候变化对碳汇的影响。结果表明:(1)珠江流域水体中冬季和夏季内源有机碳占总有机碳比例的平均值分别为65%和54%,表明水生植物光合作用导致的初级生产力的重要性;(2)内源有机碳比例和水生藻类生物量与DIC浓度和呈现出显著的正相关关系,表明DIC对水生植物光合作用具有施肥效应;(3)雨季因降雨稀释DIC浓度和冲刷外源有机质,对水生植物的施肥效应减弱,生成的内源有机质减少,且携带的外源有机质增加,导致内源比例减少;(4)高悬浮质(TSS)可以遮挡水体表层太阳光,减弱水生光合作用强度,降低内源有机碳的形成;但在TSS浓度比较低的情况下,其对水生植物生长繁殖的影响则体现在为其提供空间和营养物,从而增加水生藻类生物量及内源有机碳比例。     

Metabolism of nC11 fatty acid fed to Trichoderma koningii and Penicillium janthinellum II: Production of intracellular and extracellular lipids

Abstract

Little is known about the fungal metabolism of nC₁₀ and nC₁₁ fatty acids and their conversion into lipids. A mixed batch culture of soil fungi, T. koningii and P. janthinellum, was grown on undecanoic acid (UDA), a mixture of UDA and potato dextrose broth (UDA+PDB), and PDB alone to examine their metabolic conversion during growth. We quantified seven intracellular and extracellular lipid classes using Iatroscan thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection (TLC-FID). Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was used to quantify 42 individual fatty acids. Per 150 mL culture, the mixed fungal culture grown on UDA+PDB produced the highest amount of intracellular (531 mg) and extracellular (14.7 mg) lipids during the exponential phase. The content of total intracellular lipids represented 25% of the total biomass-carbon, or 10% of the total biomass dry weight produced. Fatty acids made up the largest class of intracellular lipids (457 mg/150 mL culture) and they were synthesized at a rate of 2.4 mg/h during the exponential phase, and decomposed at a rate of 1.8 mg/h during the stationary phase, when UDA+PDB was the carbon source. Palmitic acid (C_16:0), stearic acid (C_18:0), oleic acid (C_18:1), linoleic acid (C_18:2) and vaccenic acid (C_18:1) accounted for >80% of the total intracellular fatty acids. During exponential growth on UDA+PDB, hydrocarbons were the largest pool of all extracellular lipids (6.5 mg), and intracellularly they were synthesized at a rate of 64 μg/h. The mixed fungal species culture of T. koningii and P. janthinellum produced many lipids for potential use as industrial feedstocks or bioproducts in biorefineries.